A Debate on Political Philosophy: Hamilton Versus Jefferson Essay

In the late 1700s to the mid 1800s, the United States needed a political way of thinking that deciphered the Constitution approximately, kept away from perhaps disastrous wars, and developed the economy in the least demanding and most productive manner conceivable, all which were discovered best in Alexander Hamilton. Hamilton accepted that the time required a free translation, or development, of the Constitution. He and his Federalist adherents conjured the possibility of â€Å"elastic clause†, a manner by which the individuals could twist precisely what the Founding Fathers were stating to help cause it to apply to the issues of the time. See more: Foot Binding In China article The country and her Constitution were as yet youthful and developing, and the capacity to frame the legislature as the nation advanced was basic to having any national development whatsoever. Jefferson, then again, put stock in an exacting development of the Constitution and the privileges of individual states, not government solidarity like Hamilton did. Shockingly, it was obvious to numerous that the privileges of individual states, like the states’ rights that they had encountered under the Articles of Confederation, were not making the country more grounded, yet rather pushing each state into more difficulty, strategically and financially. Remote undertakings likewise affected why Hamilton’s Federalist theory worked for the time. As the United States was simply coming out of a war, we were frail: militarily, financially, and strategically. The exact opposite thing that we required was to go into the French Revolutionary War that held tremendous stakes. The Jeffersonians, in any case, supported regarding the 1778 French-American Alliance that we had made, so as to compensate them for helping us win our opportunity, despite the fact that the French had never authoritatively approached America to respect the collusion. George Washington, detecting that war would be a lot for such a delicate country, gave the 1793 Neutrality Proclamation cautioning Americans not to be inclined toward either side, so America would be better secured. Hamilton’s monetary approaches and budgetary framework was likewise the best method to develop the new economy. Hamilton’s approaches were formed to support the rich, yet so that the well off would loan the administration cash and give it political help, which would then reason the government system to endeavor, higher classes to stuff and develop with new riches, and success to stream to the majority. Hamilton trusted in shaping a national credit out of the considerable number of states obligations, just as making a Bank of the United States to have the administration bolster itself in stock. Jefferson accepted, in opposition to Hamilton’s more â€Å"urban† perspectives on monetary advancement, that provincial and private cultivating would be the most attractive approach to develop the economy †from the base classes up. Be that as it may, this would have been a very tedious procedure and was consequently not appropriate for the baby America, who expected to develop rapidly to discover its place in the remainder of the world. Jefferson likewise thought a Bank of the United States was unlawful and prohibited by the Founding Fathers guidelines in the Constitution. In any case, Hamilton demonstrated that the Constitution allowed it by indicating how the Constitution specifies that Congress may pass any laws â€Å"necessary and proper† to do the forces vested in the different government organizations, including the forces to gather burdens and manage exchange, in this way making a mutual bank for the country perfect and advantageous to building and supporting an economy. In today’s American, in any case, Jefferson’s reasoning would be greatly improved fit. Today, it appears just as we have nearly forgotten about what the Founding Fathers needed for this nation, so returning to a stricter development of the Constitution would stop a considerable lot of the flawed laws passed on account of an excessively bendable flexible statement. Additionally, since the United States has been up to speed in intruding in such a significant number of other nations’ political undertakings starting late, we should be helped to remember regarding our unions and keeping a receptive outlook when managing different nations that are in a present battle. Since we are an accomplished country in how to accomplish and look after autonomy, we are sufficiently able to enable different nations to do likewise, in spite of the fact that we would not have been in 1789 for the French Revolution. At long last, today’s America has an exceptionally solid and obstinate high society that, a great part of the time, vows to permit benefit to stream through to the incredibly enormous white collar class yet doesn't finish those plans. Since it is too difficult to even think about working with the high society to offer thriving to the lower classes, utilizing Jefferson’s theory of working up from the base, however it make take some time, will in the long run work and make the American progressively equivalent. Generally speaking, Hamilton’s thoughts of an all the more free development of the Constitution, alert when it came to outside undertakings, and working through the affluent to offer thriving to all Americans were appropriate to the late 1700s and mid 1800s. Notwithstanding, since times are unique, Jefferson’s thoughts are increasingly pertinent to our country’s needs of a progressively managed government, increasingly positive remote issues and all around considered international strategies, and an equivalent economy that begins with helping the lower and white collar classes to extend and develop in their own particular manner.

The Pay Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Pay Model - Essay Example Contrast your thoughts and somebody with more experience, somebody from another nation, somebody from another field of study. The Compensation is something that is paid to take care of the open door expense. For instance, if a representative makes promise to work for the association for the following five years it implies he is prepared to forfeit his five years for one association. These five years could be invested elsewhere in less energy expending and less wild employment. Along these lines, the organization must compensation him the sensible sum that can take care of his expense of losing different positions. The Most persuading definition from an employee’s point of view is the arrival. The arrival to worker covers both the qualification, just as, reward. The individual who is progressively experienced has various discernments with respect to the meaning of pay. The pay might be characterized as danger of misfortune, though for a new representative the craving for hazard is high (Coppleman, 2004). The vast majority of the created nations will not have to consider the fundamental needs to cover in the pay bundle however in creating nations, employee’s recognition for the remuneration might be very surprising; the satisfaction of the essential needs may likewise be consolidated in the pay bundle (Coppleman, 2004). Various fields require diverse degree of remuneration bundles from the organizations. For instance, if the activity requires visit voyaging, so the pay may cover voyaging, just as, settlement costs, though if the activity is absolutely work area based the remuneration might be compensation alongside different advantages (Coppleman, 2004). 3. What is the system of profits that your school offers your educator? What returns do you accept have any kind of effect in educating adequacy? What returns OK change or add to build the educating viability? System of profits alludes to the way that all rewards, remittances and compensation

How a Toxic Work Environment Affects Mental Health

How a Toxic Work Environment Affects Mental Health Stress Management Job Stress Print How a Toxic Work Environment Affects Your Mental Health By Allison Abrams, LCSW-R facebook twitter linkedin Allison Abrams, LCSW-R, is a licensed psychotherapist, mental health advocate, and author covering relationships, mindfulness, and self-care. Learn about our editorial policy Allison Abrams, LCSW-R Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Carly Snyder, MD on November 10, 2019 facebook twitter linkedin Carly Snyder, MD is a reproductive and perinatal psychiatrist who combines traditional psychiatry with integrative medicine-based treatments.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Carly Snyder, MD Updated on January 17, 2020 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living Antonio Guillem /Getty Images Not only is incivility in the workplace on the rise, but according to a recent study, it is compromising one of our most critical assetsâ€"our mental health.?? The authors of the study, published in the Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, looked at the correlation between toxicity in the workplace and symptoms of insomnia, a common symptom of clinical depression.?? They wanted to know how, or via which mechanism, incivility in the workplace negatively affected employees sleep quality, as there has been limited research into this factor. What Is Workplace Incivility? Workplace civility, as described by McKinsey and Company, is “the accumulation of thoughtless actions that leave employees feeling disrespectedâ€"intentionally ignored, undermined by colleagues, or publicly belittled by an insensitive manager.”?? It has also been defined as “low-intensity deviant behavior with ambiguous intent to harm the target, in violation of workplace norms for mutual respect. Why Quality of Sleep Matters Sleep  is a critical factor in our overall well-being, including our work performance. It has long been established that poor quality of sleep has significant implications for both our physical and psychological well-being. For example, insufficient sleep increases a persons risk of developing serious medical conditions, including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.?? Additionally, lack of sleep over time has been  associated with a shortened lifespan.?? Effects of Negative Rumination In examining the indirect effects of workplace incivility on symptoms of insomnia and thus overall health, the determining mechanism was found to be negative rumination, or the mentally replaying of an event or disturbing interaction with a co-worker long after the workday has ended. Workplace toxicity leads to adverse effects in  part  by stimulating people to ruminate on their negative  work experiences. according to the authors. Negative rumination  represents an active cognitive preoccupation with work events, either in an attempt to solve work problems or anticipate future work problems.?? Given that most of us spend the better part of our days and our energy at work, increasing hostility in the workplace doesn’t bode well for our emotional or physical well-being. Research over the past 20 years has  associated toxic work environments with increased depression, substance use, and health issues among employees.?? Further research has shown that organizations are suffering as well. Some of these adverse effects include  decreased productivity, lower levels of employee commitment and increased turnover.?? Coping Techniques to Reduce Effects of Workplace Incivility The good news is that sufficient recovery or coping techniques may be able to mitigate the negative effects of a toxic work environment on employee well-being.  In particular, relaxation and psychological detachment. The ability to psychologically detach from work during non-work hours and relaxation were shown to be the two mitigating factors that determined how workers were affected or not by a negative work environment. Employees who were better able to detach psychologically are able to relax after work and sleep better even in the face of workplace incivility.?? Below are descriptions of these recovery experiences and how they were shown to reduce the negative effects and enable  employees to thrive in the most toxic of work environments. Psychological Detachment Psychological detachment represents an avoidance of work-related thoughts, actions or emotions. Some of the items used in the study to measure employees levels of psychological detachment in the evenings including the following: “I didn’t think about work at all” and “I distanced myself from my work.” Those who were able to detach themselves mentally from this cycle  do not suffer as much sleep disruption as those who are less capable of detachment.?? Detachment can be fostered through a variety of specific activities, including exercise. Planning future events such as vacations or weekend outings with family or friends are examples of positive distractions outside of work. Relaxation It should come as no surprise that prioritizing work-life balance was shown to be another effective buffer against the detrimental effects of workplace incivility. Relaxation has long been associated with fewer health complaints and less exhaustion and need for recovery. As hypothesized by the authors of the study, relaxation during non-work time served  as an important moderator of the relationship between negative work rumination and insomnia symptoms. Additionally, it has been identified as a moderator between work characteristics and occupational well-being, between time demands and exhaustion, and between job insecurity and the need for recovery from work.?? Relaxation provides an opportunity for individuals to halt work-related demands, which is critical for restoring individuals to their pre-stressor state. Some activities outside of the office that can foster recovery include  volunteering, meditation, taking a walk, listening to music, and spending time with friends and other positive social supports. How Organizations Can Address Workplace Incivility   Based on the results of the study, the authors suggest the following interventions that companies can address to reduce workplace incivility.?? Raise awarenessEnsure protection for employeesEnsure accountabilityTrain and model appropriate behaviorTrain supervisors on aggression-prevention behaviors  Improve emotional resilience skillsOffer  training on recovery from work,  mindfulness practices, emotional/social intelligence skills A Word From Verywell You may not be able to control certain events during work hours or the characteristics of your  workplace environment. However,  what you do have control over is how you choose to cope. Most importantly, finding time to relax, spending time with friends and family, and engaging in activities that will shift your focus away from work during non-work hours. If you find that you are still experiencing distressful symptoms and that they are interfering with your functioning, it may be a good idea to speak to a therapist who can help you learn additional strategies for coping. If despite having done all you can still nothing has changed, it might be time to consider the possibility of removing yourself from the toxic environment and looking for a new, more fulfilling and less distressful job. Your health may depend on it. What Are Your Rights When Youre Depressed?

Religion And Beliefs In Political System In The Crucible - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 787 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/06/10 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Crucible Essay Did you like this example? Our founding fathers of our nation decided that this nation was not going to be governed by belief and faith. They actually decided that they would separate the church from the state because that way they would rule from actual facts and not belief and religion. The person that came up with this idea was Thomas jefferson. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Religion And Beliefs In Political System In The Crucible" essay for you Create order Also the first amendment of the constitution of the united states says that congress shouldnt make any law according to religion. The separation of the church and the state goes back to to January 1,1802. There is also another section in the constitution under article six that states that no religious test should be used to qualify for office or gain trust in the United States. Also the separation of the state from the church also goes back to secularism. But the main reason that the our founders chided for the state to be separated was so other events didnt happen like in the crucible that people became superstitious about religious events against witchcraft and thought that everything that happened and wasnt good or unlucky was because of witchcraft. All of these events ended up in a lot of innocent people dying and trials that just lead to more problems and finally the ruler of the town just called it off because the people started to make a assumptions from his wife. So that people dont go through all of these things and actually could govern according to actual facts and beliefs and ideas, the founders of our country separated the church from the state. I believe that Thomas Jefferson was trying to separate the church from the state because he was not trying to make a country with a particular religion but instead free from belief so that people could come here be able have freedom of expression without the government interfering . Also another important thing was that Jefferson didnt believe that the government would be able to work even if it was influenced a tiny little bit by a religion or its leaders. Nothing has really changed since 1802. As far as 2018 religious things are kept away from government positions and building prayers services are also kept away from schools. I believe that we have done a great job keeping the church separated from the state because we as a country have fought to be free from any kind of ideas but only the right ones. Another example that I have is that he have evolved a lot since the time of the Salem witch trials and really have moved away from beliefs and have actually given the benefit of the thought to the government because they have always sticked with the scientific way of things really go in depth to figure out why certain things actually happen and tried to use facts to prove things not just because we believe things happen because we are cursed. I believe that as a society have have really changed over time have seen how somethings are just to silly. Another example that I believe that we have been successful at separating the church from the state is we have allowed the government to rule with their ideas and also allowed the church to have its own opinions and ways of looking at things but at the same time let the government rule and everyone is happy. The people that support the government follow the ideas and opinions the government makes and the people that follow the church listen to the church and says as it say. I truly believe we have been successful so that both system work together. But like always there are somethings that the government disagrees with the church so they have to work together to come to an agreement that makes both parties happy. There are also times were religion and beliefs have intertwined in our political system. One topic that is very big and important in todayrs world is abortion. This topic interferes with religion because we believe as Catholics that it is the action of killing a child. But others like the government believe that it is your choice if you want to keep your baby and raise it or have and abortion and get rid of it. There is evidence that a baby has life when it is a cell and starts to grow in a mother. Another thing is that abortion is literally killing a baby. Another example that other beliefs outside of religion have interfered with our justice system is in the deal with the Salem witch trials and how they hanged a much of people because they didnt confess that they were witches when in reality were not really witches at all.

The Concept Of A Paradigm Shift - 1640 Words

Micheal Shermer similarly outlined the emphasis Neo-Darwinism placed on constant reiteration of the importance of Darwin s â€Å"idea†, defined as a singular, revolutionary entity within the history of science that was first exclusively formed in 1837 and confirmed by others1 in the vein of Thomas S. Kuhn2 (as opposed to the very gradual process of disciplinary development in evolutionary science described in nuance by Ruse, albeit with the same revolutionary interpretation present3). Coyne likewise provides a good summary of the enduring Neo-Darwinian position at present on Origins as â€Å"the book that started it all† in creating a more materialistic view of biology and the wider universe4. This idea of a paradigm-shift has been reiterated implicitly over time amongst others such as Shermer5. Most of the later Neo-Darwinian works making this point owe a heavy debt in terms of codifying their historical perspective to Daniel Dennett. Dennett explored the idea of positive Darwinian progress philosophically, famously describing Darwinism as a â€Å"universal acid† in Darwin s Dangerous Idea (1995)6. Dennett argued that nothing humanity was aware of subjectively could really escape the revisions that evolution brought to Western cosmology and everyday assumptions, concerning topics as seemingly disparate as the history of computing development7 and the mechanics of social gossip8. For Dennett, it was vital for a enlightened liberal society to actively understand this and appreciateShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Scientific Revolutions1501 Words   |  7 Pagesincorrect when he presented his theory that no paradigm is better than any other paradigm and how he believed that people who occupy different paradigms are in different universes, in his book The Structure of Scie ntific Revolutions. 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AlthoughRead MoreWhy Is Natural Science?1602 Words   |  7 Pagesmore than others - both on a personal l evel and more widely as a society or community. The titular statement insinuates that knowledge is endowed with value when it is produced with difficulty. However, there is a lot of ambiguity regarding both the concept of difficulty and value of knowledge. Possible stances with regard to the statement will be greatly influenced by the way difficulty and value is defined. As an initial starting point, difficulty will be defined and measured in terms of effort expendedRead MorePsychological Paradigm Shift : The Beauty Of The Old And Need For The New898 Words   |  4 PagesPsychological Paradigm Shift: The Beauty of the Old and Need for the New I had the pleasure of reading an article titled, Psychological Paradigm Shift: The Beauty of the Old and Need for the New. This article is framed around Jungian theory, in fact what comes to mind for me is individuation. I say that, because in this article the therapist is tasked with aiding the patient with bringing a conscious reality to a psychological reality that is unique to the patient. This paper will give a briefRead MoreQuestions On Learning And Leadership Theories1636 Words   |  7 Pagescaused paradigms in leadership theories (Badshah, 2012). The relationships involving the interactions between leaders and followers has been altered and transformations have occurred. For example, through the phenomena of leadership there has been changes from the viewpoint of leadership centric approach in the past to were followers today having added power, authority, and influence over their superiors (Kellerman, 2008). Additionally, leadership, in general, has had a paradigm shift which haveRead MoreThe Structure Of Scientific Revolutions By Thomas Kuhn1654 Words   |  7 PagesRevolutions† Thomas Kuhn argues that normal science inevitably runs into a crisis. Why is it necessarily the case? Is there a way to avoid scientific crises? In Thomas Kuhn’s paradigm cycle, normal science inevitably leads to an anomaly, which eventually leads into a crisis. If the current existing theory in the paradigm fails to solve the puzzles of normal science, it will eventually call for a new theory to take its place. Kuhn further expresses that, although, normal science holds the objectiveRead MoreThe Progression Of Truths Within A Taxonomy1280 Words   |  6 Pagesits way towards those greater truths through revolutions. For the purpose of this essay a scientific revolution is as Kuhn describes the shift from one accepted paradigm to a new one where a paradigm is considered a distinct set of concepts and theories. Science seeks to discover and explain the objective realities of our world and universe through these concepts and theories. Throughout history theories have been proposed, accepted, and replaced. This is the one constant of science in the long run;Read MoreThe issue of security has long been the preoccupation of international relations. It has been800 Words   |  4 PagesThe issue of security has long been the preoccupation of international relations. It has been argued that there is no common concept of security and disagreement in the normative and methodological approach. In the simplest form, the core of security is survival, and consequently a lack of threat. In terms of international relations, the state has been the main referent object of security. Arnold Wolfers proposed the definition of security as the (security), in an objective sense, measures theRead MoreTheory Analysis And Skill Training852 Words   |  4 Pages Briefly explain the concept of paradigm. A paradigm is defined as the fundamental way in which we think and define reality. It may include values and beliefs that influence our decisions on what is real and what is not. It is how we know the things we know. It is our own awareness of ourselves as observers and knowers and may relate to how we think and act in certain situations. It is also how we process what is real and how we present our knowings to others. In a paradigm no right or wrong answersRead MoreA New Paradigm For Power Generation And Transmission1406 Words   |  6 PagesMicroGrids: A New Paradigm for Power Generation and Transmission Motivations behind the emerging concept of the MicroGrid The emerging concept of MicroGrids or SmartGrids is aimed at changing the paradigm of the conventional power system in order to meet various challenges facing modern day society. To understand why the shift in paradigm is necessary, it is important to have a firm knowledge of the layout of conventional power systems as well as the energy challenges facing our society. A high

Gas Leak Sensing In Cars Using Embedded System Engineering Essay Free Essays

string(162) " configured to feel leaks ensuing in path-integrated concentrations of, for illustration, 2 ppm-m of H fluoride, 200 ppm-m of H sulphide, or 10 ppm-m of methane\." Abstraction: Carbon monoxide is a colourless, odorless, toxic gas whose primary beginning indoor is the uncomplete burning of fossil fuels. Carbon Monoxide is the most toxic which restricts the flow of O to the encephalon, rendering the individual dead within proceedingss. The chief purpose of this thesis is to develop a system to observe the being of C monoxide inside a auto, due the malfunctioning of the air conditioner and to supply an exigency mechanization to avoid any build-up of C monoxide gas. We will write a custom essay sample on Gas Leak Sensing In Cars Using Embedded System Engineering Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The mechanization involves uninterrupted monitoring of CO degrees and triping relays to run the exigency system, when CO degrees reach a high value. The GSM engineering can be used when a vehicle met with an accident, instantly the location, vehicle figure, individual to reach figure, reference and the medical history will be transferred to the nearest aid desk. Keywords: Carbon monoxide, MQ-7 detector, Microcontroller AT89s51, GSM engineering Introduction Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas whose primary beginning indoor is the uncomplete burning of fossil fuels. The job that we are seeking to get the better of is Carbon Monoxide leak in a auto. When the air-conditioner malfunctions, there is a CO leak, which can be risky, sing that most of the autos are air-conditioned. In the event of people acquiring stuck in the auto during a CO leak, it could turn out fatal, as this gas is really toxic. It mixes with the haemoglobin in blood and signifiers carboxy-hemoglobin, which restricts the flow of O to the encephalon, rendering the individual dead within proceedingss. The molecule consists of a C atom that is triply bonded to an O atom. Carbon monoxide is a commercially of import chemical. It is besides formed in many chemical reactions and in the thermal or uncomplete decomposition of many organic stuffs. Dangerous sums of CO can roll up when as a consequence of hapless installing, hapless care or failure or harm to an contraption in service, the fuel is non burned decently, or when suites are ill ventilated and Carbon Monoxide is unable to get away. Having no odor, gustatory sensation or coloring material, in today ‘s universe of improved insularity and dual glazing it has become progressively of import to hold good airing, maintain all contraptions on a regular basis and to hold perfectly dependable sensor dismaies installed giving both a ocular and hearable warning instantly there is a build up of CO to unsafe degrees. 1.1 The effects of Carbon Monoxide Carbon Monoxide toxicants by come ining the lungs via the normal external respiration mechanism and displacing O from the blood stream. Break of the normal supply of O puts at hazard the maps of the bosom, encephalon and other critical maps of the organic structure. Carbon Monoxide produces the undermentioned physiological effects on people exposed to the concentrations shown: Table No 1.1 Safety Degrees The above information is for a healthy grownup. Persons enduring from bosom or respiratory wellness jobs, babies and little kids, unborn kids, anticipant female parents and pets can be affected by CO poisoning more rapidly than others in the family and may be the first to demo symptoms. 1.2 Corrective Action Evacuate gt ; Ventilate gt ; Investigate Travel the affected individual to fresh air.A Administer O if available. Contact medical aid. If the individual is non eupneic, perform unreal respiration as taught in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training until medical aid arrives. Vent the country. Investigate the beginning of C monoxide and do fixs. The most of import thing that one can make to protect oneself and one ‘s household from the dangers of Carbon Monoxide toxic condition is by acquiring a Carbon Monoxide Sensor Alarm with a low degree index. If one can suit a sensor one can at least be certain, holding carried out all the about safety cheques, that he is protected. 1.3 EMERGING Technology Dae-Eun Park, Taegyu Kimb, Sejin Kwon, Choong-Ki Kima, Euisik Yoon, ( 3 ) presents the Successful execution, â€Å" Micromachined methanol steam reforming system as a H provider for portable proton exchange membrane fuel cells † , In this paper, a fresh hydrogen-supplying device for fuel cells has been designed, fabricated, and demonstrated. The proposed H provider is a micromachined one-chip fuel processing system including vaporiser, catalytic combustor and methyl alcohol steam reformist. This fuel processing system utilizes the thermic energy generated from the catalytic H burning to heat up the full system. For the catalytic burning, we have introduced C nanotubes as a encouraging construction of Pt accelerator for the first clip. We have besides developed a new surfacing method of reforming accelerator ( Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 ) and observed that equal sum of H can be generated for PEM fuel cells. We have successfully reported the feasibleness of the proposed fuel processing system . â€Å" Handheld laser-based detector for distant sensing of toxic and risky gases † ( 7 ) . A new optical tool, which will assist petrochemical refinery and chemical processing works forces locate the beginning of a toxic or risky gas leak while staying outside the margin of the processing country, has been demonstrated. This detector is capable of turn uping leaks from a distance of about 20 m, with a response clip of less than 1 2nd. By heightening the velocity with which leaks can be located, the hazard of an inchoate failure going a ruinous failure is reduced significantly. The tool is based on Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy ( TDLAS ) . TDLAS is presently being utilized in these industrial environments in permanently-installed open-path constellations to feel releases of selected gases as they exit the processing country. The detector described here combines a lightweight, portable optical transceiver with battery-operated electronics in a individual handheld bundle. By standing in a safe country and â€Å" polishing † the eye-safe optical maser beam emanating from this device onto suspected leak beginnings, operators may quickly insulate the beginning while minimising their possible exposure to the jeopardy. The detector can be configured to feel leaks ensuing in path-integrated concentrations of, for illustration, 2 ppm-m of H fluoride, 200 ppm-m of H sulphide, or 10 ppm-m of methane. You read "Gas Leak Sensing In Cars Using Embedded System Engineering Essay" in category "Essay examples" Dr. Stetter ‘s ( 4 ) says, ‘The new detector utilizing a nano-particulate composite plastic for electronic conductivity within the detectors ‘ cell wall. â€Å" It is astonishing what such an invention does for the detector interior decorator, comments Dr. Stetter. To be able to plan a detector with no wires or connections to the electrodes eliminates the major beginning of detector failure over clip. With the new nanotechnology enabled T-Series detectors, a bantam low-cost bundle that is more robust is the consequence. Vishad Patel, Senior Engineer of Transducer Technology, Inc. says, â€Å" In add-on to leting the new bantam detector design, † â€Å" we get to do radical low profile level detectors with fewer fabrication stairss. † All of these characteristics may be great for applied scientists but the client besides benefits to a great extent from this new attack to sensor merchandises. The first detector attempted with the nanotechnology was a CO [ C monoxide ] detector. The consequences are astonishing, high public presentation CO detectors, even better public presentation specifications, like response clip and stableness, than most of the bing detectors. The EMI intervention appears to be less than the current offerings for CO detectors besides. This means the client can freely plan bantam, rugged, accurate, and low power CO metres that are guaranteed to run in a broad assortment of environments and applications. J.Ayala, Donald.P.Eckman, Evangelous Petroutsos ( 9 ) says, â€Å" Micro Controller 8951 † . A microcontroller ( besides MCU or A µC ) is a computer-on-a-chip. It is a type of microprocessor stressing autonomy and cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a all-purpose microprocessor ( the sort used in a Personal computer ) . In add-on to all arithmetic and logic elements of a general intent microprocessor, the microcontroller normally besides integrates extra elements such as read-only and read-write memory, and input/output interfaces. 1.4. Block Diagram CO gas Detector GSM Modem RS 232 Door Locking/ Unlocking Unit of measurement Signal Conditioner AT89S51 Driving Circuit A detector is a type of transducer, or mechanism that responds to a CO gas by bring forthing another type of energy signal. The Sensor that we use in the undertaking is MQ-7. A signal conditioner is a device that converts one type of electronic signal into another type of signal. Its primary usage is to change over a signal that may be hard to read by conventional instrumentality into a more easy read format. In executing this transition a figure of maps may take topographic point. They include: Amplification Electrical Isolation Linearization Cold Junction Compensation Excitement A microcontroller ( besides MCU or A µC ) is a computer-on-a-chip. It is a type of microprocessor stressing autonomy and cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a all-purpose microprocessor ( the sort used in a Personal computer ) . Microcontrollers are often used in automatically controlled merchandises and devices, such as car engine control systems, office machines, contraptions, power tools, and playthings. By cut downing the size, cost, and power ingestion compared to a design utilizing a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to electronically command many more procedures. In telecommunications, RS-232 ( Recommended Standard 232 ) is a criterion for consecutive binary informations signals linking between a DTE ( Data terminal equipment ) and a DCE ( Data Circuit-terminating Equipment ) . It is normally used in computing machine series ports. A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM radio web. A wireless modem behaves like a dial-up modem. The chief difference between them is that a dial-up modem sends and receives informations through a fixed telephone line while a wireless modem sends and receives informations through wireless moving ridges. A GSM modem can be an external device or a Personal computer Card / PCMCIA Card. Typically, an external GSM modem is connected to a computing machine through a consecutive overseas telegram or a USB overseas telegram. A GSM modem in the signifier of a Personal computer Card / PCMCIA Card is designed for usage with a laptop computing machine. Detector A detector is a type of transducer, or mechanism that responds to a type of energy by bring forthing another type of energy signal, normally electrical. They are either direct indicating ( an electrical metre ) or are paired with an index ( possibly indirectly through an parallel to digital convertor, a computing machine and a show ) so that the value sensed is translated for human apprehension. A device that responds to a stimulation, such as heat, visible radiation, or force per unit area and generates a signal that can be measured or interpreted is called a SENSOR. 2.1 Types of SENSORS Types of detectors include electromagnetic, chemical, biological and acoustic. Aside from other applications, detectors are to a great extent used in medical specialty, industry and robotics. In order to move as an effective detector, the undermentioned guidelines must be followed: The detector should be sensitive to the measured variable. The detector should be insensitive to any other variable. The detector should non act upon the measured variable. In theory, when the detector is working absolutely, the end product signal of a detector is precisely relative to the value of the parametric quantity it is meant to mensurate. The addition is so defined as the ratio between end product signal and measured variable. For illustration, if a detector measures temperature and has an existent electromotive force end product, the addition is a changeless with the unit. 2.2 CO SENSOR MQ-7 The Sensor that we use in our undertaking is a commercial merchandise from Hanwei Electronics Ltd. China. The detector is composed of micro Al2O3 ceramic tubing, Tin Dioxide ( SnO2 ) sensitive bed, mensurating electrode and warmer are fixed into a crust made by plastic and unstained steel cyberspace. The warmer provides necessary work conditions for work of sensitive constituents. The enveloped MQ-7 Sensor has 6 pins, 4 of which are used to bring signals ; the other 2 are used for supplying heating current. 2.2.1 Features of the Sensor The assorted characteristics of the MQ-7 is listed below High sensitiveness to carbon monoxide. Stable and long life. Miniature size and low power ingestion. Low Cost. 2.2.2 Applications of the Sensor Residential and commercial CO sensors. Air quality accountants. Ventilation control for indoor parking garages. These electronic sensors sound against a fire by feeling CO degrees in the air. Demand controlled airing for offices, exhibition centres, hotels, tunnels, mines and auto Parkss. Pollution Control for the vehicles. 2.2.3 Specifications Symbol Parameter name Technical Condition Remark Tao Using temperature -20i‚ °-50i‚ ° Tantalum Storage temperature -20i‚ °-50i‚ ° Advice utilizing range Rhesus factor Relative humidness Less than 95 % RH O2 Oxygen concentration 21 % ( stand status ) the O concentration can impact the sensitiveness. Minimum value is over 2 % The tabular array 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 are the specifications of the MQ-7 detector. Table No 2.1 Standard Work Conditions Table No 2.2 Environment conditions Symbol Parameter name Technical Condition Remark VC Circuit Voltage 5VA ±0.1 Ac or Dc VH ( H ) Heating Voltage ( high ) 5VA ±0.1 Ac or Dc VH ( L ) Heating Voltage ( low ) 1.4VA ±0.1 Ac or Dc RL Load Resistance Can set Rhesus factor Heating Resistance 33I ©A ±5 % Room Temp. TH ( H ) Heating Time ( high ) 60A ±1 seconds TH ( L ) Heating Time ( low ) 90A ±1 seconds Ph Heating Consumption Less than 330mw Table No 2.3 Sensitivity features Symbol Parameter name Technical Condition Remark Roentgen Surface opposition Of sensitive organic structure 2-20k In 100ppm Carbon Monoxide ? ( 300/100ppm ) Concentration incline rate Less than 0.5 Rs ( 300ppm ) /Rs ( 100ppm ) Standard working status Temperature -20i‚ °CA ±2i‚ °C: Relative humidness 65 % A ±5 % : RL: 10KI ©A ±5 % VC: 5VA ±0.1V VH: 5VA ±0.1V VH: 1.4VA ±0.1V Preheat clip No less than 48 hours Detecting scope: 20ppm-2000ppm C monoxide 2.2.4 Structure of the Sensor MQ-7 Structure and constellation of MQ-7 gas detector is shown as Figure 2.1. ( Configuration A or B ) Figure No 2.1: Detector construction of MQ-7 2.2.5 Basic Measuring Circuit As shown in Figure 2.2, standard mensurating circuit of MQ-7 sensitive constituents consists of 2 parts: One is the heating circuit holding clip control map ( the high electromotive force and the low electromotive force work circularly ) , the 2nd is the signal end product circuit: it can accurately react alterations of surface opposition of the detector. Figure No 2.2: Measuring Circuit of Sensor 2.2.6 Operation Principle The surface opposition of the detector RS is obtained through accomplished electromotive force signal end product of the burden opposition RL which series-wound. The relationship between them is described by 2.2.6.1: RSRL = ( VC-VRL ) / VRL 2.2.6.1 Figure No 2.3 Clocking Diagram of Sensor Figure 2.3 shows alterable state of affairs of RL signal end product measured by utilizing Fig.2.2 Circuit Output signal, when the detector is shifted from clean air to Carbon Monoxide ( CO ) , Output Signal measuring is made within one or two complete heating period ( 2.5 minute from high electromotive force to low electromotive force ) . Sensitive bed of MQ-7 gas sensitive constituents is made of SnO2 with stableness. So, it has first-class long-run stableness. Its service life can make 5 old ages under utilizing status. 2.2.7 Sensitivity Adjustment for the Sensor Resistance value of MQ-7 is different to assorted sorts and concentration of gases. So, when utilizing these constituents, sensitiveness accommodation is really of import. It is recommended that the sensor is calibrated for 200ppm CO in air and Load opposition ( RL ) needed is about 10 KI © ( 5KI © to 47 KI © ) . For accurate measuring, the proper dismay point for the gas sensor should be determined after sing the temperature and humidness influence. The sensitiveness accommodation algorithm is as follows: a. Connect the detector to the application circuit. B. Turn on the power, Preheat through electricity for over 48 hours. c. Adjust the burden opposition RL until a signal value is obtained, which responds to a certain Carbon Monoxide concentration at the terminal point of 90 seconds. d. Adjust another burden opposition RL until you get a signal value is obtained which is respond to a Carbon Monoxide concentration at the terminal point of 60 seconds. Figure No 2.4: Sensitivity Features of the MQ-7 Fig.2.4 shows the typical Sensitivity Characteristics of the MQ-7 Sensor for several gases. Figure 2.5: gives the Dependence of MQ-7 on Temperature and Humidity Temp: 20i‚ °C: Humidity: 65 % : O2 concentration 21 % : RL=10kI © Ro: Detector Resistance at 100ppm CO in the clean air. Roentgen: Detector Resistance at assorted concentrations of gases. Figure No 2.5: Dependence of MQ-7 on Temperature and Humidity. CO Gas Detector The Micro-controller has many more grounds to be used than the microprocessors. Automatically controlled merchandises and devices, cut downing the size, cost, and power ingestion and increasing informations transportation velocity, memory. The figure 3.1 gives the portion of the circuit of the thesis. Circuit Diagram of Gas Detector 3.1 Automation after CO is detected This undertaking intends to get the better of the unsafe state of affairs that those three people found themselves in, on that fatal twenty-four hours. Using the Sensor MQ-7, after CO is detected, Emergency Automation and Control is provided, based on the degree of CO detected. From the tabular array 1.1, we see assorted degrees of CO in ppm. These degrees indicate the degrees of toxicity and its effects on Human Beings. The lock of the door, which is portion of the cardinal lockup system, is unbarred automatically. Redundantly, a doorbell is sounded to bespeak that the doors are unbarred to enable speedy issue from the auto. As already explained, when the first degree of CO is reached, the slit on top of the auto opens leting fresh air to come in in, while the exhaust fan removes CO from indoors. The consequence of this operation can be witnessed on the LCD, where the CO degree lessenings. Redundancy is implemented here in the signifier of two exigency actions taking topographic point at the same clip. By and large, this degree is non reached because the first action is really good in cut downing the CO degree inside the auto. But, in dire fortunes, when there is an exponential buildup of CO degree in the auto, due to unknown grounds and the first action is turn outing to be inefficient, the 2nd exigency action takes over. Hence, Redundancy is besides implemented here for Safety. Following actions take topographic point on making the 2nd degree. The doors are unbarred automatically. An exact reproduction of a existent auto door mechanism is used here. 4.1. Future Enhancement The particular characteristics of this â€Å" GSM Based CO Gas Leak Sensing Using Embedded System † have been discussed in the old chapters. Now let us see how this undertaking can be enhanced in the hereafter with the latest approaching engineerings. This undertaking being a crisis direction mechanization system can be enhanced with the WAP engineering. With this the current readings of the degree of the CO degrees or the other parametric quantities involved can be sent through to a few of import Mobile phones when risky degrees are reached. Besides this can be used in assorted other state of affairss like mills, industries and other topographic points where CO buildup may happen. The chief difference in the undertaking would be to take the appropriate CO detector as the state of affairs requires. CO Sensors with higher degrees of sensitiveness are available. 4.2 Decision A really accurate and effectual method to observe CO degrees within inside a auto has been devised. Besides two degrees of mechanization have been incorporated to battle any addition in CO degrees within the auto. The whole undertaking is really cost effectual and can be implemented in any sort of auto right from the basic theoretical account to the luxury autos. The life of the CO detector is besides really long and its dependability is really good. Besides assorted other parametric quantities can be continuously monitored and displayed in the show. This adds diverseness to the undertaking and enables multi tasking. How to cite Gas Leak Sensing In Cars Using Embedded System Engineering Essay, Essay examples

The Theory of Connectivism

Educational theory Learning is a crucial activity in the lives of humans and its forms the basis of the educational process (Isman (2011). Consequently, a lot of attention has been paid to the understanding of how learning takes place, leading to the formulation of numerous theories of learning and instruction. These theories have evolved over the years as developments in other areas of education continue to happen.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on The Theory of Connectivism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is no one theory that can be described as the perfect theory that fits in all learning situations. This means that different theories are applied to different learning situations. The various theories of education and learning describe how learning occurs, the factors that shape learning, the importance of memory in learning, and how knowledge is transferred (Ravenscroft (2011). Behaviorism is one of well known learning theories. The theory posits that human beings receive a stimulus in the process of learning, which they respond to. According to Isman (2011), this mode of learning is best promoted by task-based learning. Learning under behaviorism is also influenced by the rewards that are obtained from learning, as well as punishment. Repeated experiences end up establishing memory. Cognitivism is the other theory of learning, which posits that learning occurs in a structured way. Yilmaz (2011) argues that knowledge is transferred by duplicating the knowledge of the instructor in cognitive learning. Consequently, problem solving type of learning highly promotes this mode of learning. The third most common learning theory is constructivism, which is a theory that proposes that knowledge is passed through socialization. Social and cultural factors seem to influence learning under this theory. A more recent theory of learning is the connectivism theory, which posits that knowl edge is transferred by connecting to the source if knowledge. According to Ravenscroft (2011), connectivism is a complex learning mode where learning is distributed in a web and it is enhanced by technological advancement. Connectivism According to Thomas (2010), the emergence and development of diverse communication tools and the subsequent deployment of these tools in the discharge of education has resulted in the alteration of the learning environment. What is meant here is that there is a lot of change in the way education is discharged.Advertising Looking for dissertation on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This comes from the fact that education is changing from the traditional perspective where it was delivered in specific learning environments that were largely confined in nature to the development of a virtual learning environment where content is not only guided by the teachers, but is also discharged by st udents who use technology to advance learning between and among themselves. This literature review contains the discussion of how the theory of connectivism has been applied in the field of education. Siemens (2011) argues that information technology has transformed the traditional learning environment in a significant way that necessitates a new learning theory. One rationale for the creation of a new theory of learning is that in the digital age, most learning environments are intertwined, technological, and social in nature (Kaufman Mann, 2007). Kaufman and Mann (2007) further observe that the different connection points in learning have been developed in learning where the use of technology, especially the web 2.0 technology tools are used to create learning groups by students. This is done both in formal literacy and informal literacy within the wide learning environment that is becoming wider due to the prevalence of diverse technology platforms for discharging learning activ ities. Dunaway (2011) observes that connectivism is one of the foundational theories that provide a critical framework on which learning on the part of the students is characterized in the contemporary learning environment where information and communication technology is taking center stage in the learning environment. The contemporary application of information and communication tools and technologies in learning is slowly but surely resulting in limiting the role and actual influence of teachers as the moderators of learning and is promoting scenes where students are taking the center stage in the contemporary learning environment. At this juncture, it is imperative to revisit the observation by Thomas (2010), whose argument about the application of the connectivism learning theory in the modern learning environment that is technology driven, reiterates on change in the manner in which literacy instruction is discharged.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on The Theory of Connectivism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The connectivist approach to learning can, thus, be better informed by looking at the real attributes of learning and literacy as fostered by both the learners and the educators (Dunaway, 2011). Pan and Franklin (2011) found that students had a comfort level customizing social media and educational tools to meet their learning needs. However, for many teachers, it was their first experience with online collaboration and Web 2.0 tools in an educational context. Kvavik (2005) noted that for Web 2.0 tools and a connectivist theory to be embraced, teachers should be eager and ready to utilize the technology. As the online environment matures, the role of both teachers and students grows, especially within group discussions where students interact with one another as opposed to interacting exclusively with the teacher. The connectivist learning theory alters the role of the tea cher, ensuring that students are involved and engaged in learning by answering each other’s posts as opposed to answering the teacher (Livingston, 2011). In a case study of blogging and its use in the connectivist learning theory, Garcia, Brown, and Elbeltagi (2013) found that connectivism has influenced the way blogs are used in teaching and learning. The change may not only be from the acceptance of blogging as a part of the instructional process, but also in how teachers and students have embraced the connectivist learning style (Garcia et al., 2013). Blogging provided collaborative opportunities for students to communicate online (Richardson, 2010). Another component of blogging that supported the connectivist learning theory is the manner content or remotely located experts could become involved in the learning environment. Blogging also represents an essential aspect of the connectivist principle that students can make associations for learning, while being associated w ithin a network (Boitshwarelo, 2011). Technology has facilitated learners to access a wealth of information resources; for instance, online libraries, peer-reviewed journals, and book reference services along with social media, blogging, and Web 2.0 tools (Lemke, Coughlin, Garcia, Reifsneider, Baas, 2009). The availability of content and the fact that leaners can access information through these tools is a positive indicator of using technology in facilitating learning.Advertising Looking for dissertation on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With the availability of information, the use of teachers as the source of information as embraced in traditional learning environment is quite limited. This is in lime with the observation by London and Hall (2011), who noted that the intense deployment of Web 2.0 technology tools in learning in the contemporary learning environment denotes a shift from the teacher-controlled models of learning to the learner controlled model of learning. The emergence of digital literacies (print to paperless) has also intensified the need for connectivism. Lee, Messom, and Yau (2013) studied one school’s e-book implementation and determined that many surveyed students preferred e-books due to the Web 2.0 component. In the case study, students could post information on discussion boards and join to e-books so that their fellow students and educators could react and remark on posts that were freely accessible by course participants. As theory-guided practice in this case study, cooperation a mong students empowered them to interpret e-book content and to impart information among other learners (Lee et al., 2013). This indicates the ease with which collaboration and networking in learning can be attained in social and technological networks that are developed courtesy of the availability of technology. Tu et al. (2012) applauds the fact that learning is broadened because of the fact that learners can easily connect and establish learning networks on the technology platform. Collaborating on discussion boards facilitated many of the features in a connectivist learning model; for example, allowing communication between students, (Ferdig Trammell, 2004) elevating peer groups to assist in learning (Glogoff, 2005), and the evolution of discussion groups (Macduff, 2009). With the use of technology, students can now easily establish and sustain important learning networks, with only limited support from the instructors (Boitshwarelo, 2011). Another important aspect captured in the new paradigm is the emerging collaborative nature of education (Dunaway, 2011). Williams, Karousou, and Mackness (2011) studied Connectivism and Connective Knowledge (CCK08) at the University of Manitoba. With a rolling enrollment, students were able to plan their own path through the course content that was available on the course website. Students agreed that all knowledge would be created collaboratively and openly shared among all course members. Williams et al. (2011) remarked that CCK08 fulfilled key conditions for a connectivist course, such as asynchronous and synchronous learning events, daily aggregation of knowledge, content experts, discussion boards, and student responsibility for their own learning goals. Williams et al. (2011) noted that many of the students in CCK08 withdrew from the course. Consequently, the authors concluded that connectedness alone does not guarantee collaboration, let alone connectivist learning. CCK08 was a failed attempt to illustrate the application of theory, where the learning process has shifted from a one-sided and impersonal process into a dynamic one characterized by interpersonal communication, distant support, and increased platforms for information besides the instructor, such as access to world-class resources and experts (Kaufman Mann, 2007). Connectivism has informed the practice of librarians seeking greater student engagement in information literacy. Dunaway (2011) proposed that the learning theory of connectivism be merged with the framework of metaliteracy. In so doing, librarians can promote the development of personal learning networks for students. Mackey and Jacobson (2011) defined metaliteracy as a framework that integrates emergent technologies with various literacies, such as cyber, digital, media, and information literacy. Here, connectivism learning theory is embedded in the fact that a lot of people are engaged on social networks supported by the emergent technologies that support these ne tworks. Therefore, different locus of knowledge sharing and dissemination emerges, thereby challenging the traditional culture of learning that emphasized on a single dimension of learning; the use of instructors in discharging learning activities. Friesen and Lowe (2012) observed that the social media, which is part of web 2.0 technology tools, is promoting connective learning in the sense that it promotes the creation of engaged learning environments. New forms of leaning environments that are more engaging keep coming up as people embrace the use of social media in communication. References Dunaway, M. (2011). Connectivism learning theory and pedagogical practice for networked information landscapes. Reference Services Review, 39(4), 675-685. Friesen, N. N., Lowe, S. S. (2012). The questionable promise of social media for education: connective learning and the commercial imperative. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 28(3), 183-194. Isman, A. (2011). Instructional design in education: New model. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology – TOJET, 10(1), 136-142. London, M., Hall, M. (2011). Unlocking the value of Web 2.0 technologies for training and development: The shift from instructor-controlled, adaptive learning to learner-driven, generative learning. Human Resource Management, 50(6), 757-775. Ravenscroft, A. (2011). Dialogue and connectivism: a new approach to understanding and promoting dialogue-rich networked learning. International Review of Research in Open And Distance Learning, 12(3), 139-160. Thomas, H. (2010). Learning spaces, learning environments and the dis‘placement’ of learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 41(3), 502-511. Tu, C., Sujo-Montes, L., Yen, C., Chan, J., Blocher, M. (2012). The integration of personal learning environments open network learning environments. Techtrends: Linking Research Practice to Improve Learning, 56(3), 13-19. Yilmaz, K. (2011). The cognitive perspective on learning: its theoretical underpinnings and implications for classroom practices. Clearing House, 84(5), 204. doi:10.1080/00098655.2011.568989 This dissertation on The Theory of Connectivism was written and submitted by user Mia Sharp to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Moby Dick

Type of Work: Allegorical novel Setting The high Seas; early nineteenth century Principal Characters Ishmael, a teacher-seaman (and narrator) Queequeg, a hardened and savage harpooner Ahab, captain of the Pequod Starbuck and Stubb, Ahab's first and second mates Fedallah, Captain Ahab's Parsee servant and seer Story Overview A Massachusetts schoolmaster, Ishmael chose to give up the comfort and security of his classroom and fulfill his romantic desire to go to sea. Leaving Manhatto, he traveled to the seaport town of New Bedford to seek out work on a whaler. Ishmael's first night in New Bedford was spent in the crusty Spouter Inn near the water_ front. There he found the only bed available which, by necessity, he consented to share with an unknown harpooner. His roommate turned out to be a bizarre fellow indeed, a hardened South-sea islander whose body was covered with tattoos. But after Ishmael's initial fear had subsided, he found this "strange bedfellow," Queequeg, to be quite friendly. The huge man offered to share his small fortune and an embalmed human head with Ishmael. "At first I knew not what to make of this," Ishmael said, "but soon an inkling of the truth occurred to me. I remembered a story of a white man - a whaleman too - who, falling among cannibals, had been tattooed by them. I concluded that this harpooner, in the course of his distant voy_ ages, must have met with a similar adventure. And what is it, thought 1, after all! It's only his outside; a man can be honest in any sort of skin." The two men became fast friends, both signing on as harpooners aboard the Pequod, a Quaker-owned whaler out of Nantucket. There had been some question around New Bedford as to the future fate of the Pequod because of its eccentric captain, Ahab. But both Ishmael and Queequeg had no intention of changing their plans. They set sail. For the first few days the curious captain stayed out of sight in his cabin, and... Free Essays on Moby Dick Free Essays on Moby Dick Moby Dick The moral ambiguity of the universe is prevalent throughout Melville’s Moby Dick. None of the characters represent pure evil or pure goodness. Even Melville’s description of Ahab, whom he repeatedly refers to "monomaniacal," suggesting an amorality or psychosis, is given a chance to be seen as a frail, sympathetic character. When Ahab’s "monomaniac" fate is juxtaposed with that of Ishmael, that moral ambiguity deepens, leaving the reader with an ultimate unclarity of principle. The final moments of Moby Dick bring the novel to a terse, abrupt climax. The mutual destruction of the Pequod and the White Whale, followed by Ishmael’s epilogue occupies approximately half a dozen pages. Despite Melville’s previous tendency to methodically detail every aspect of whaling life, he assumes a concise, almost journalistic approach in the climax. Note that in these few pages, he makes little attempt to assign value judgements to the events taking place. Stylistically, his narration is reduced to brusque, factual phrases using a greater number of semicolons. By ending the book so curtly, Melville makes a virtually negligible attempt at denouement, leaving what value judgements exist to the reader. Ultimately, it is the dichotomy between the respective fortunes of Ishmael and Ahab that the reader is left with. Herein lies a greater moral ambiguity than is previously suggested. Although Ishmael is the sole survivor of the Pequod, it is notable that in his own way, Ahab fulfills his desire for revenge by ensuring the destruction of the White Whale alongside his own end. Despite the seeming superiority of Ishmael’s destiny, Melville does not explicitly indicate so. On the contrary, he subtly suggests that Ishmael’s survival is lonely and empty upon being rescued: "It was the devious-cruising Rachel, that in her retracing search after her missing children, only found anothe... Free Essays on Moby Dick Authors throughout history have used the biblical accounts to enhance their own story. Herman Melville’s classic American novel Moby Dick is no exception. In Moby Dick, Melville uses innumerable biblical allusions, but readers can observe this literary technique best in the naming of his characters. The use of the Bible in literature is a powerful tool for an author; it allows him to place his characters and plot within an immortal context. Each character lives for a finite amount of time, but given a biblical name he will live forever in scripture. Also, the author's comparison of aspects of a novel allows the reader to know something more about the characters, settings, and context without an author's introduction. The reader brings a pre-formed notion to the text from his knowledge of the biblical material. Knowing this adds more poignancy to the frustration that Ahab has over his mission to kill the whale. In Moby Dick Melville acts as both parent and inventor. As author, he creates the characters and names them. Ishmael begins Moby Dick saying "Call me Ishmael." (Melville 1) We do not know if this is his real name but he chooses to identify with the biblical character. It is interesting to consider the name of Ishmael in respect to all the other biblical names of the novel. Ishmael is the only one who chooses his, while Melville determines the others' names. This is particularly significant in regard to Ahab. Ishmael is the only one with the power to choose his fate because he is able to choose his name. Ishmael chooses God as his protector when most other people have a parent. Ishmael's survival story is incredible and supports the idea that God was looking out for him since he is the only one to survive. Because God is willing to save Ishmael, Melville is willing to save him as well; Ishmael is the only one to survive. Ahab is another person all his own, with his own past and biblical reigned as the king of the Israel f... Free Essays on Moby Dick Type of Work: Allegorical novel Setting The high Seas; early nineteenth century Principal Characters Ishmael, a teacher-seaman (and narrator) Queequeg, a hardened and savage harpooner Ahab, captain of the Pequod Starbuck and Stubb, Ahab's first and second mates Fedallah, Captain Ahab's Parsee servant and seer Story Overview A Massachusetts schoolmaster, Ishmael chose to give up the comfort and security of his classroom and fulfill his romantic desire to go to sea. Leaving Manhatto, he traveled to the seaport town of New Bedford to seek out work on a whaler. Ishmael's first night in New Bedford was spent in the crusty Spouter Inn near the water_ front. There he found the only bed available which, by necessity, he consented to share with an unknown harpooner. His roommate turned out to be a bizarre fellow indeed, a hardened South-sea islander whose body was covered with tattoos. But after Ishmael's initial fear had subsided, he found this "strange bedfellow," Queequeg, to be quite friendly. The huge man offered to share his small fortune and an embalmed human head with Ishmael. "At first I knew not what to make of this," Ishmael said, "but soon an inkling of the truth occurred to me. I remembered a story of a white man - a whaleman too - who, falling among cannibals, had been tattooed by them. I concluded that this harpooner, in the course of his distant voy_ ages, must have met with a similar adventure. And what is it, thought 1, after all! It's only his outside; a man can be honest in any sort of skin." The two men became fast friends, both signing on as harpooners aboard the Pequod, a Quaker-owned whaler out of Nantucket. There had been some question around New Bedford as to the future fate of the Pequod because of its eccentric captain, Ahab. But both Ishmael and Queequeg had no intention of changing their plans. They set sail. For the first few days the curious captain stayed out of sight in his cabin, and... Free Essays on Moby Dick â€Å"MOBY DICK† The Symbolism Of The Whale In Moby Dick, Herman Melville uses the whale to symbolize Humankind’s inability to understand the world, to express the nature of human relationships, the concept or idea of God and environment. Melville seems to have an array of multiple symbolic meaning to the whale. I have found it difficult to follow through with one flowing theme. Moby Dick is an unfriendly force, interpreted as a symbolic representation of God, an impassable and all powerful being that humankind can neither understand nor defy. Through out Moby Dick, the whale is given divine qualities and often compared to God. Just as many people fear God they also feared Moby Dick. Moby Dick possesses an array of symbolic meanings for a variety of individuals. To the crew of the Pequod, the whale is a legendary concept on to which they can transfer their anxieties about dangerous and often very frightening jobs. Because they have no delusions about the whale acting spitefully toward men or exactly embodying evil, tales about the whale allow them to face their fear, manage it and continue on. Ahab, on they other hand, believes that Moby Dick is a sign of all that is evil with the world, and he feels that it is his destiny to destroy this symbol of evil. In destroying the whale, Ahab is also destroying his own fears and evil that faces him in the world. Melville shows that Moby Dick is capable of great violence. However, he also shows the whale living peacefully and tranquilly at sea until man attacks him. Ishmael tries an array of approaches to describe the whale, but none proves adequate. Ishmael is in awe of the whale. He sees Moby Dick quite differently; the whale is a representation of nature from its beauty and wonders to the terror and fear it can bring. The color (White) of the whale is a symbol that can be interpreted differently. Ishmael begins his discussion of â€Å"whiteness† by noting its use as a symbol of ...

What Peasants and Laborers Wore in the Medieval Ages

What Peasants and Laborers Wore in the Medieval Ages While the fashions of the upper classes were changing with the decade (or at least the century), peasants and laborers stuck to the useful, modest garments their progenitors had been clad in for generations during the Middle Ages. Of course, as the centuries passed, minor variations in style and color were bound to appear; but, for the most part, medieval European peasants wore very similar clothing in most countries from the 8th to the 14th century. The Ubiquitous Tunic The basic garment worn by  men, women, and children alike was a tunic. This appears to have evolved from the Roman tunica of late antiquity. Such tunics are made either by folding over a long piece of fabric and cutting a hole in the center of the fold for the neck;  or by sewing two pieces of fabric together at the shoulders, leaving a gap for the neck. Sleeves, which werent always part of the garment, could be cut as part of the same piece of fabric and sewn closed  or added later. Tunics fell to at least the thighs. Though the garment might be called by different names at different times and places, the construction of the tunic was essentially the same throughout these centuries. At various times, men and, less often, women wore tunics with slits up the sides to afford more freedom of movement. An opening at the throat was fairly common to make it easier to put on over ones head; this might be a simple widening of the neck hole; or, it might be a slit that could be tied closed with cloth ties or left open with plain or decorative edging. Women wore their tunics long, usually to mid-calf, which made them, essentially, dresses. Some were even longer, with trailing trains that could be used in a variety of ways. If any of her chores required her to shorten her dress, the average peasant woman could tuck the ends of it up in her belt. Ingenious methods of tucking and folding could turn the excess fabric into a pouch for carrying picked fruit, chicken feed, etc.; or, she could wrap the train over her head to protect herself from the rain. Womens tunics were usually made of wool. Woolen fabric could be woven rather finely, though the quality of the cloth for working-class women was mediocre at best. Blue was the most common color for a womans tunic; though many different shades might be achieved, the blue dye made from the woad plant was used on a large percentage of manufactured cloth. Other colors were unusual, but not unknown: pale yellow, green, and a light shade of red or orange could all be made from less-expensive dyes. All these colors would fade in time; dyes that stayed fast over the years were too expensive for the average laborer. Men generally wore tunics that fell past their knees. If they needed them shorter, they could tuck the ends in their belts; or, they could hike up the garment and fold fabric from the middle of the tunic over their belts. Some men, particularly those engaged in heavy labor, might wear sleeveless tunics to help them deal with the heat. Most mens tunics were made of wool, but they were often coarser and not as brightly colored as womens wear. Mens tunics could be made from beige (undyed wool) or frieze (coarse wool with a heavy nap) as well as more finely woven wool. Undyed wool was sometimes brown or gray, from brown and gray sheep. Undergarments Realistically, there is no telling whether or not most members of the working classes wore anything between their skin and their woolen tunics until the 14th century. The contemporary artwork depicts peasants and laborers at work without revealing whats worn underneath their outer garments. But usually the nature of undergarments is that theyre worn under other garments and are therefore ordinarily unseen; so, the fact that there are no contemporary representations shouldnt hold much weight. In the 1300s, it became the fashion for people to wear shifts, or undertunics, that had longer sleeves and lower hemlines than their tunics, and therefore were plainly visible. Usually, among the working classes, these shifts would be woven from hemp and would remain undyed; after many wearings and washings, they would soften up and lighten in color. Field workers were known to wear shifts, hats, and little else in the heat of summer. More affluent people could afford linen undergarments. Linen could be fairly stiff, and unless bleached it wouldnt be perfectly white, though time, wear, and cleansing could make it lighter and more flexible. It was unusual for peasants and laborers to wear linen, but it wasnt altogether unknown; some of the clothing of the prosperous, including undergarments, were donated to the poor upon the wearers death. Men wore braes or loincloths for underpants. Whether or not women wore underpants remains a mystery. Shoes and Socks It was not at all uncommon for peasants to go about barefoot, especially in warmer weather. But in cooler weather and for work in the fields, fairly simple leather shoes were regularly worn. One of the most common styles was an ankle-high boot that laced up the front. Later styles were closed by a single strap and buckle. Shoes were known to have had wooden soles, but it was just as likely for soles to be constructed of thick or multi-layered leather. Felt was also used in shoes and slippers. Most shoes and boots had rounded toes; some shoes worn by the working class might have somewhat pointed toes, but workers didnt wear the extreme pointy styles that were at times the fashion of the upper classes. As with undergarments, its difficult to determine when stockings came into common use. Women probably didnt wear stockings any higher than the knee; they didnt have to  since their dresses were so long. But men, whose tunics were shorter and who were unlikely to have heard of trousers, let alone wear them, often wore hose up to the thighs. Hats, Hoods, and Other Head-Coverings For every member of society, a head-covering was an important part of ones attire, and the working class was no exception. Field workers often wore broad-brimmed straw hats to keep off the sun. A coif, a linen or hemp bonnet that fit close to the head and was tied under the chin,  was usually worn by men undertaking messy work such as pottery, painting, masonry,  or crushing grapes. Butchers and bakers wore kerchiefs over their hair; blacksmiths needed to protect their heads from flying sparks and might wear any of a variety of linen or felt caps. Women usually wore veils, a simple square, rectangle, or oval of linen kept in place by tying a ribbon or cord around the forehead. Some women also wore wimples, which attached to the veil and covered the throat and any exposed flesh above the tunics neckline. A barbette (chin strap) might be used to keep the veil and wimple in place, but for most working-class women, this extra piece of fabric may have seemed like an unnecessary expense. Headgear was very important for the respectable woman; only unmarried girls and prostitutes went without something covering their hair. Both men and women wore hoods, sometimes attached to capes or jackets. Some hoods had a length of fabric in the back that the wearer could wrap around his neck or his head. Men were known to wear hoods that were attached to a short cape that covered the shoulders, very often in colors that contrasted with their tunics. Both red and blue became popular colors for hoods. Outer Garments For men who worked outdoors, an additional protective garment would usually be worn in cold or rainy weather. This could be a simple sleeveless cape or a coat with sleeves. In the earlier Middle Ages, men wore fur capes and cloaks, but there was a general view among medieval people that fur was worn only by savages, and its use went out of vogue for all but garment linings for quite some time. Though they lacked todays plastic, rubber, and Scotch-Guard, medieval folk could still manufacture fabric that resisted water, at least to a degree. This could be done by fulling wool during the manufacturing process, or by waxing the garment once it was complete. Waxing was known to be done in England, but seldom elsewhere due to the scarcity and expense of wax. If wool was made without the stringent cleansing of professional manufacturing, it would retain some of the sheeps lanolin and would, therefore, be naturally somewhat water-resistant. Most women worked indoors and didnt often have need of a protective outer garment. When they went out in cold weather, they might wear a simple shawl, cape, or pelisse. This last was a fur-lined coat or jacket; the modest means of peasants and poor laborers limited the fur to cheaper varieties, such as goat or cat. The Laborers Apron Many jobs required protective gear to keep the laborers everyday wear clean enough to wear every day. The most common protective garment was the apron. Men would wear an apron whenever they performed a task that could cause a mess: filling barrels, butchering animals, mixing paint. Usually, the apron was a simple square or rectangular piece of cloth, often linen and sometimes hemp, which the wearer would tie around his waist by its corners. Men usually didnt wear their aprons until it was necessary and removed them when their messy tasks were done. Most chores that occupied the peasant housewifes time were potentially messy; cooking, cleaning, gardening, drawing water from the well, changing diapers. Thus, women typically wore aprons throughout the day. A womans apron often fell to her feet and sometimes covered her torso as well as her skirt. So common was the apron that it eventually became a standard part of the peasant womans costume. Throughout much of the Early and High Middle Ages, aprons were undyed hemp or linen, but in the later medieval period, they began to be dyed a variety of colors. Girdles Belts, also known as girdles, were common accouterments for men and women. They might be made from rope, fabric cords, or leather. Occasionally belts might have buckles, but it was more common for poorer folk to tie them instead. Laborers and peasants not only tucked up their clothing with their girdles, but they also attached tools, purses, and utility pouches to them. Gloves Gloves and mittens were also fairly common and were used to protect the hands from injury as well as for warmth in cold weather. Workers such as masons, blacksmiths, and even peasants cutting wood and making hay were known to use gloves. Gloves and mittens could be of virtually any material, depending on their specific purpose. One type of workers glove was made from sheepskin, with the wool on the inside, and had a thumb and two fingers to offer a little more manual dexterity than a mitten. Nightwear The idea that all medieval people slept naked is unlikely; in fact, some period artwork shows folk in bed wearing a simple shirt or gown. But due to the expense of clothing and the limited wardrobe of the working class, it is quite possible that many laborers and peasants slept naked, at least during warmer weather. On cooler nights, they could wear shifts to bed,  possibly even the same ones theyd worn that day under their clothes. Making and Buying Clothes All clothing was hand-sewn, of course, and was time-consuming to make compared to modern machine methods. Working-class folk couldnt afford to have a tailor make their clothes, but they could trade with or purchase from a neighborhood seamstress or make their outfits themselves, especially since fashion was not their foremost concern. While some made their own cloth, it was far more common to purchase or barter for finished cloth, either from a draper or peddler or from fellow villagers. Mass-produced items like hats, belts, shoes and other accessories were sold in specialty stores in big towns and cities, by peddlers in rural areas, and at markets everywhere. The Working-Class Wardrobe It was sadly all too common in a feudal system for the poorest folk to own nothing more than the clothes on their back. But most people, even peasants, werent quite that poor. People usually had at least two sets of clothes: everyday wear and the equivalent of Sunday best, which would not only be worn to church (at least once a week, often more frequently) but to social events as well. Virtually every woman, and many men, were capable of sewing, if only just a little, and garments were patched and mended for years. Garments and good linen undergarments were even bequeathed to heirs or donated to the poor when their owner died. More prosperous peasants and artisans would often have several suits of clothes and more than one pair of shoes, depending on their needs. But the amount of clothing in any medieval persons wardrobe, even a royal personage, couldnt come near what modern people usually have in their closets today. Sources Piponnier, Francoise, and Perrine Mane, Dress in the Middle Ages. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997.Kà ¶hler, Carl, A History of Costume. George G. Harrap and Company, Limited, 1928; reprinted by Dover.Norris, Herbert, Medieval Costume and Fashion.: London: J.M. Dent and Sons, 1927; reprinted by Dover.Netherton, Robin, and Gale R. Owen-Crocker, Medieval Clothing and TextilesBoydell Press, 2007. Jenkins, D.T., editor. The Cambridge History of Western Textiles, vols. I and II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Virtual Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Virtual Management - Essay Example It is important for virtual teams to connect their daily activities with the strategy and objectives of the business to remain committed and engaged over time. This in turn contributes to the success of the organization. High performing virtual teams establish better decision-making and better problem solving process than low performing ones. Decision making and ensuring that the rightful information reaches the right people is challenging for virtual teams whose members are located in different time zones or who converse through email or phone. It is important for virtual team leaders to establish communication processes early and revisit them over time. Most of the virtual teams have little face-to-face contacts with their members or work under different time zones. That is why they face challenges in communication with their members. High performing teams always have a way to work around these challenges unlike the low performing virtual teams. High performing virtual team members respond quickly to problems, providing each other with the required information, involving each other in decisions making and providing each other with necessary feedback. They have various technologies of communicating with each other and updating one another. Good communication strategy with each other increases the success of the virtual teams with ample face-to-face meetings every now and then. It is important for the virtual team members to exercise trust with each other since lack of trust can lead to unsuccessful virtual work arrangements (Zofi, 2011). Trust is important for the success of the virtual team members because most of these members rarely see one another and others have never met in person. Thus, they relate on inter-personal trust based on their personal relationships. Virtual teams rely on the task-based trust where they believe that members will do their jobs in the

Using Social Networking to facilitate learning in CPUT for IT students Research Proposal

Using Social Networking to facilitate learning in CPUT for IT students - Research Proposal Example e majorly because many people can access the internet Students in the information and technology department in CPUT should be given an opportunity to apply this social network in learning. This will provide a tremendous opportunity for the students to not only improve their performance because of the interesting way of learning but also get to share ideas that could assist individual students in their learning. Form the literature reviews that I have done so far, I have found out that there have been many researchers worldwide looking on social networking and university students. Anna Martinez conducted a research on this field but looked more on how students are using social networking on the social aspect only in the journal ‘online social networking on campus. There has however been no research on using social networking to facilitate learning. My research will be on how social networking can facilitate learning. The proposed research approach is qualitative approach. It is aimed at getting the students view on using social networking to facilitate learning IT in CPUT. I will use formal and informal interviews as the primary research method. I will place adverts on the school notice boards informing students that I am carrying the research. This will make it easy to obtain interviewees and when I go to the classes to conduct interviews students will already be aware of what I am doing. I will record the interviews in tapes with each recording not more than fifteen minutes long. The questions asked will be majorly open ended, like for example, ‘how do you think social networking can facilitate learning ?’. The motivation for choosing subjects to be interviewed is that the students will have most of the information. Interviewing ten students form every year of study will be the most convenient number. The motivation for this the is fact that time might be an issue while conducting the interviews. It is anticipated that different individuals will have

Working With Multiracial Students Essay example -- melting pot, interra

America has always been considered the melting pot of the world, but in recent years with the climb in the number of interracial marriages, (Root 1996) American school systems must learn how to cater to the needs of multiracial students. In this paper, multiracial â€Å"refers to people who are of two or more racial heritages. It is the most inclusive term to refer to people across all racial mixes. Thus it also includes biracial people† (Root 1996). Multiracial students face problems with developing their racial identity and feeling approval from peers who are not mixed, making their experiences in school more difficult especially in a social context (Gibbs 1990 as sited in moss and davis). For current and future educators, this means that there will be a growing need to support students from mixed backgrounds and create curriculums that cater to their needs as well as give those students positive perspectives on their racial make up. This paper will explore the complications that multiracial students face with their identity development and how schools and teachers can positively impact this development. Multiracial students face many problems coming to terms with their racial identity due to the inability to fall under a mono-racial category. In recent years, the amount of biracial births are out numbering the amount of mono-racial births, and these children will soon be entering the school system (Root 1996) with new unique problems when concerning their own racial identity. According to Poston, â€Å"Racial identity is defined as "pride in one's racial and cultural identity" (1990, p. 152 as cited in counseling biracial students). Compared to mono-racial peers, multiracial students are faced with constant conflicts over how to embrac... ... all aspects that make up their racial identity (Root 1996). Multiracial inclusion can be laced into everyday activities and projects. Works Cited Harris, H. L. (2006). African american school counselors: Their perceptions of biracial individuals. Journal Of Professional Counseling: Practice, Theory & Research, 34(1/2), 1-19. Chiong, J. A. (1998). Racial categorization of multiracial children in schools. Greenwood Press Moss, R. C., & Davis, D. (2008). Counseling biracial students: A review of issues and interventions. Journal Of Multicultural Counseling & Development, 36(4), 219-230. Wallace, K. R. (2004). Working with multiracial students : Critical perspectives on research and practice. Greenwich, Conn: Information Age Publishing. Root, M., P., (1996) The multiracial experience: Racial borders as the new frontier. Copyright 1996 by Sage Publications, Inc.

Connection Between Human and Animals Essay

â€Å"The soul is the same in all living creatures, although the body of each is different.† This was quoted by Hippocrates, a Greek philosopher. The numerous animal imageries in Timothy Findley’s book The Wars are used to show the similarities and differences of the way how human treat animals and their life. The characters Captain Leather, Rodwell and Robert Ross reveal their own connections to the animals respectively, and the connections fully prove the good side and the bad side of human nature. Captain Leather is a commanding officer, he is one of the negative characters and he treats animals without humanity in the novel. When the barn yard is on fire, Robert’s first thought is the animals, and he wants to set the horses and mules free. However, Captain Leather tries to prevent Robert from freeing them, a hundred horses and thirty-five mules, and he does not even care about those real lives. He screams at Delvin, â€Å"‘Shut those God damn gates! Sh ut them! Shut them! You traitor’† (183). He is a selfish officer, and he is very cruel and merciless to animals. A life means nothing to Captain Leather, and he has no feeling towards the death of the soldiers. When Robert tells Captain Leather that perhaps there are a lot of soldiers died in the trench, Captain Leather does not even worry about it, he seems to think that those men were born for fighting and sacrificing for the wars: â€Å"Leather even said ‘Just so’ when Robert explained that he hadn’t been able to locate his men and that he feared they had all been killed† (116). Captain Leather orders Robert and his men to go to the forward position to set up the guns, and Robert knows that they will be dead for certain because the position is very closed to the German lines. Captain Leather does not understand how dangerous the war is, and he just gives orders: â€Å"Laid down the purpose of the new guns. Gun beds would have to be put in ‘here and here’ and ‘there and there.’ Here and there was all right–but there and there was a death trap† (116). Captain Leather never cares about the soldier’s lives, and fighting a war is just like playing a game for him. He totally loses his humanity in the brutal war. In the novel, Rodwell always shows compassion and mercy to injured animals and wants to protect them. He is an optimistic person, and he knows how to enjoy his life during the war. Toad is one of the animals that Robert has saved. Even though nobody likes toad because of their ugly appearance, Rodwell still wants to cure the injured toad, he cherishes every creature’s life. The toad also has strong vitality, just like every soldier that wants to survive during the war: â€Å"Rodwell had saved the toad by putting it into the drinking water pail and placing sheets of Devlin’s glass on top† (133). Rodwell saved a rabbit during the war. The rabbit is a symbol of innocent and purity, just like Rowena and himself, and the rabbit reminds Robert of Rowena. The rabbit has survived when they got attacked: â€Å"The rabbit turned with its eyes shut tight and huddled in the corner of its cage facing Robert† (110). Rodwell tries to defend the animals with his life, although he knows that he can possibly lose his life. He respects animals and he tries to prevent the German from killing a cat, but he fails. He sees the cat’s life as his own life and he cannot accept the abuse of cats, so that finally he chooses to commit suicide: â€Å"They would not be stopped-and, seeing that he took an interest, they’d forced him to watch the killing of a cat. Half an hour later, Rodwell wandered into No Man’s Land and put a bullet through his ears† (135). Rodwell is like the animals, having purity and virtuous, he is not like the soldiers, violent, and killing, he appreciates and respects every living creature in his life. Although the war is cruel, it does not destroy Rodwell’s conscience. He is still very kind t o his friends and family. When Bonnycastle, Devlin and Levitt introduce Rodwell to Robert, they give their high assessment of Rodwell, Bonnycastle says, â€Å"‘[He thinks Robert will like Rodwell]’ ‘[The animals] have all been injured. That’s [Rodwell’s] sort of hospital’† (85). Rodwell predicts that he will die in the war, so he writes a letter to his daughter. The letter indicates Rodwell’s faith and the value of life. In the letter, Rodwell writes, â€Å"I am alive in everything I touch. Touch these pages and you have me in your fingertips. We survive in one another. Everything lives forever. Believe it. Nothing dies† (135). Rodwell only draws animals in his sketchbook just like communicating with animals, but Robert is the only human being in the book. Rodwell draws Robert because he sees Robert as one of the animals which are pure and innocent; unfortunately, Robert is trapped by the war, â€Å"In all of them—on every page, the drawings were of animals. Of maybe a hundred sketches, Robert’s was the only human form. Modified and mutated—he was one with the others† (138). Rodwell sacrifices his life for the wars, but his soul will be alive forever. His faith and mercy will stay in their memories as long as their live. The protagonist Robert Ross has connection with the animal’s portraits in the story reflects his personalities and the circumstances that he encounters. Once Robert ran with a coyote, he wondered why the coyote did not even kill any animals as a food source. Although the coyote is a predator, it only kills the ones who threaten its life: â€Å"And when it came to the place where the gophers had been sitting, neither did it pause to scuffle the burrows or even to sniff at them. It just went right on trotting-forward towards its goal† (25). The friendship between Robert and coyote is also peaceful, the coyote notices that Robert is behind and it allows Robert to follow. The coyote trusts Robert, it knows that Robert will not hurt it and it tries to communicate with Robert. This can be shown in the novel: â€Å"the valley was vacant: safe–and that Robert could proceed to the water’s edge to drink. It barked three times–a precise announcement it was leaving† (27). This strongly proves that human and animals can be friends, and the coyote is one of his friends in his life. In the novel, the rat symbolizes the hope and life. Robert saw a rat was trapped in the waterlogged trenches; he sets that rat free, because that was the only alive animal that is in the trenches. Later, â€Å"Robert wondered †¦ if setting the rat free had been a favor–but in the moment that he did it he was thinking: here is someone still alive† (114). The rat’s life is just like human’s life, both of them are precious. Throughout the whole novel, every time when the bird appears, it symbolizes freedom, life and warning. When Robert is in trouble, the bird will appear and give him a signal. Robert hears the bird is singing when he rolls over and sees the German, and then he realizes the sound of bird means that the German relents and shows mercy. He just let Robert and his men go: â€Å"A bird sang, something like a white-throated sparrow: one long note descending; three that wavered. This was the bird that had sung before† (127). After the German gets killed, the bird sings again, this time, the sound of bird is sorrowful. The bird is sad for the death of the German, also the bird is like the soldiers, it does not like the war, and it aspires for peace: â€Å"The bird sang†¦The sound of it would haunt him to the day he died† (131). Robert Ross sees his shadow from these animals, they have same characteristic and they are all very kind. As a soldier, Robert knows that the value of human life is treasurable so that he does not want to kill the innocents. The death of Rowena has a big impact on Robert’s life, and this incident changes his whole life. Even though Robert does not kill Rowena, he thinks that Rowena’s death is related to him. Robert feels guilty about Rowena’s death, so that he wants to join the war and escape from pain, â€Å"All he knew was that his hands felt empty. In this mind, they kept reaching out for the back of Rowena’s chair† (19). When Robert and his soldiers get gas attacked, Robert acts calm, and he reacts very fast. Robert is the only one who has the gas mask, and the rest of the soldiers do not have masks. Robert gives his mask to a wounded soldier, he does not even consider himself, and he just wants to save all the lives. He orders the rest of soldiers to urinate on their shirts and put it over their faces. They lie down for a moment, lastly, they get saved but unluckily, the injured soldier died, â€Å"Robert threw the gas mask at Bates. ‘Put that over [the injured soldier’s] face. And remember this gun is pointed right at your back’† (124). When Robert and his soldiers try to climb out from the trenches, he sees a German soldier and he is lenient so that he decides to ignore the German soldier: â€Å"He didn’t want to point it at him yet. He waited to see what reaction the gun itself would get† (129). As a soldier, Robert is not cruel, he appreciates every life, and he tries his best to protect his friends and family. By comparison, Captain Leather, Rodwell and Robert Ross, they treat animals and humans differently, Rodwell and Robert Ross are kind, but Captain Leather is cruel. Findley uses the relationships between humans and animals to reveal that in most cases, the nature of human is pure and innocent but sometimes merciless. Throughout the whole novel, human who respect animal’s life also show the most respect for life in general. As a reader, I realize that all the living creatures in the world are the same, they should respect each other. Works Cited Hippocrates. Notable Quotes about Animals & Humanity. Findley, Timothy. The Wars. Canada: Penguin Group, 2005.